The Polyglot Developer Reference

Compare concepts side-by-side with a language you know and one you don't.

A quick and easy way to remind yourself how to do something. Still under construction.

Choose a language concept: Classes Control Structures Data Types Functions, Methods, and Subroutines Lists, Arrays, and Hashed Lists Logical and Mathematical/Arithmetic Operators Strings Pick a language: Ada (version 2012) BASH (version 3.2.57): C++ (version C++17, generic) C# (version 9) Go (version 1.16) Haskell (version 2010) Java (version 15) JavaScript (version ES2020) Nim (version 1.4) Objective-C (version 2.0) PHP (version 7.4) Python (version 3.7) Ruby (version 3.0) Rust (version 1) Scala (version 2.13) Swift (version 5.3.3) Visual Basic (version 16) TypeScript (version 4.2)