The Polyglot Developer Reference

Compare concepts side-by-side between different programming languages.

A quick and easy way to remind yourself how to do something in a specific lang.

Choose a concept: Basics of A Programming Language Classes Control Structures Data Types Exception Handling Functions, Methods, and Subroutines Input and Output Arrays and Hashed Lists Logical and Mathematical/Arithmetic Operators Queues and Stacks Rules and Facts Strings Pick one: Ada (version 2012) Bash (version 5) Bash (version 3) C (version 17) C++ (version C++20) C++ (version C++17) C# (version 9) CLIPS (version 641) Clojure (version 1) Go (version 1) Haskell (version 2010) Java (version 15) Java (version 17) Java (version 11) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2020) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2023) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2021) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2009) Kotlin (version 1.5) Lua (version 5) Nim (version 1) Objective-C (version 2) Perl (version 5) PHP (version 8) PHP (version 7) PowerShell (version 7) Python (version 3) R (version 4) Ruby (version 3) Rust (version 1) Scala (version 2) Swift (version 5) TypeScript (version 4) Visual Basic (version 16)

Compare concepts side-by-side between different databases.

A quick and easy way to remind yourself how to do something in a specific database.

Choose a concept: Deletions Filtering Inserts Queries Pick one: MongoDB (version 6) MySQL (version 8) PostgreSQL (version 15)