The Polyglot Developer Reference

Compare concepts side-by-side with a language you know and one you don't.

A quick and easy way to remind yourself how to do something. Still under construction.

Choose a language concept: Classes Control Structures Data Types Exception Handling Functions, Methods, and Subroutines Input and Output Lists, Arrays, and Hashed Lists Logical and Mathematical/Arithmetic Operators Strings Pick a language: Ada (version 2012) Bash (version 3) Bash (version 5) C++ (version C++17) C++ (version C++20) C# (version 9) Clojure (version 1) Go (version 1) Haskell (version 2010) Java (version 17) Java (version 15) Java (version 11) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2020) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2021) Nim (version 1) Objective-C (version 2) Perl (version 5) PHP (version 8) PHP (version 7) Python (version 3) Ruby (version 3) Rust (version 1) Scala (version 2) Swift (version 5) TypeScript (version 4) Visual Basic (version 16)