The Polyglot Developer Reference

Compare concepts side-by-side with a language you know and one you don't.

A quick and easy way to remind yourself how to do something. Still under construction.

Choose a language concept: Classes Control Structures Data Types Exception Handling Functions, Methods, and Subroutines Input and Output Basics of A Programming Language Lists, Arrays, and Hashed Lists Logical and Mathematical/Arithmetic Operators Queues and Stacks Rules and Facts Strings Pick a language: Ada (version 2012) Bash (version 3) Bash (version 5) C (version 17) C++ (version C++17) C++ (version C++20) C# (version 9) CLIPS (version 641) Clojure (version 1) Go (version 1) Haskell (version 2010) Java (version 11) Java (version 15) Java (version 17) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2020) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2023) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2021) JavaScript (version ECMAScript 2009) Kotlin (version 1.5) Lua (version 5) Nim (version 1) Objective-C (version 2) Perl (version 5) PHP (version 7) PHP (version 8) PowerShell (version 7) Python (version 3) R (version 4) Ruby (version 3) Rust (version 1) Scala (version 2) Swift (version 5) TypeScript (version 4) Visual Basic (version 16)